মানবাধিকার ও ইসলাম

gvbevwaKvi I Bmjvg

Akvš— c„w_exi we¶zä RbZvi AvZ©wPrKv‡ii aŸwb-cÖwZaŸwb‡Z Db¥y³ MM‡bi gy³ ceb AvR welv³ n‡q D‡V‡Q| we‡k¦ †KvwU †KvwU Afz³ eby Av`‡gi AgvbweK Rxeb cÖev‡ni wb`vi“Y wPÎ m‡PZb gvbyl‡K e¨w_Z Ki‡Q| cvkvcvwk Z_vKw_Z MYZš¿ I gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvi bv‡g wek¦e¨vcx hy‡×i Wvgv‡Wv‡j wewjqb wewjqb Wjv‡ii gviYv¯¿ e¨emv‡qi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv AvR we‡eKevb mKj gvbyl‡K fvwe‡q Zzj‡Q|

A_P (cÖvq 14 eQi c~‡e©i) GK wi‡cv‡U© †`Lv hvq we‡k¦ cÖwZw`b GKkÕ c‡bi †KvwU wkï Afz³ Ae¯’vq ivZ KvUvq| wK PgrKvi ˆecixZ¨?

kw³ai †`k¸‡jvi Kv‡Q `wi`ª I 3q we‡k¦i RbMY †hb eo Amnvq| we‡kl K‡i gymwjg we‡k¦i RbM‡Yi Ae¯’v AvR Îvwn Îvwn| eZ©gv‡b hvivB Z_vKw_Z gvbevwaKv‡ii meK w`‡Z Av‡m Zv‡`i ØvivB Zv c`wjZ n‡”Q cÖwZwbqZ| Avevi ZvivB Hme `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv‡K mvnv‡h¨i †jvf †`wL‡q GwM‡q Av‡m| G †hb †mB bxwin QvM‡ji Rb¨ ev‡Ni mvnv‡h¨i (?) nvZ †`Lv‡bv| we‡k¦ kZ kZ wewjqb Wjvi gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvi bv‡g e¨q n‡”Q| A_P Hme UvKv w`‡q hw` Mixe wgmKxb Amnvq gvby‡li †L‡U LvIqvi Rb¨ Mixe †`k¸‡jv‡Z wgj, KjKviLvbv, nvmcvZvj cÖf„wZ Kg©gyLx I RbKj¨vYg~jK cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv Kiv nZ Zvn‡j j¶ †KvwU gvbyl wbwe©‡Nœ Zv‡`i Rxeb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cviZ| cÖkœ nj, G¸‡jv Ki‡j kw³ai †gvoj abx †`k¸‡jv Z_vKw_Z ÔgvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvi whwKiÕ †Zv Avi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

gvbevwaKvi kãwU eZ©gvb we‡k¦ e¨vcK Av‡jvwPZ welq| RvwZmsN  gvbevwaKvi  mb‡`i †ek wKQz Kb‡fbkb ev cÖ¯—vebv i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i (1914-1918) ci 1920 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq League of Nations ev ÔrvwZcyÄÕ|

G ms¯’v D‡j­L‡hvM¨ Kvh© ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z bv cvivq 2q wek¦hy‡× (1939-1945) †MvUv wek¦ hLb aŸs‡mi ØvicÖv‡š— DcbxZ, ZLb KwZcq iv‡óªi D‡`¨v‡M 1945 mv‡ji 24 A‡±ve‡i wek¦ m¤cÖ`vq ÔRvwZmsNÕ MVb K‡i| Gici 1948 mv‡ji 10 wW‡m¤^i Ôme©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi mb`Õ bv‡g GKwU †NvlYv †`qv nq| hv wek¦ m¤cÖ`v‡qi wbKU M„nxZ nq| G¶‡Y gvbevwaKvi AvBb we‡kl K‡i Avš—R©vwZK me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi AvB‡bi we‡k­lY Ki‡Z †M‡j bvbv w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvRb| †m mv‡_ Bmjv‡gi Av‡jv‡K Gi g~j¨vqbI Ri“ix| wb‡æ gvbevwaKvi wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|-

ÔgvbeZvÕ kãwUi Zvrch© gvbeZv k‡ãi we‡k­l‡Y wbwnZ| GB kãwU PviwU eY© mgš^‡q MwVZ| Zv n‡”Q gv+b+e+Zv| Gi g‡a¨ PviwU welq wbwnZ Av‡Q| †hgb gv=gvbyl b=bxwZ, e=ev¯—evqb, Zv=ZvMv`v| A_©vr gvby‡li bxwZ ev¯—evq‡bi ZvMv`vB nj gvbeZv|

we‡kl¨evPK G gvbevwaKvi c`wU‡K we‡k­lY Ki‡j c„_K `ywU kã †ewi‡q Av‡m| Zvi GKwU nj ÔgvbeÕ (Human), AciwU nj ÔawaKviÕ (Right)|

AwaKvi (Right) : ÔawaKviÕ kãwU †QvU n‡jI Gi ¸i“Z¡ I cÖ‡qvM wekvj I e¨vcK| wewfbœ gbxlx wewfbœ `„wófw½‡Z G‡K msÁvwqZ Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb- KviI g‡Z, eZ©gvb Kv‡j ÔawaKviÕ ej‡Z AvBb Øviv mxwgZ GKRb e¨w³i †Kvb wKQz Kivi ¯^vaxbZv, †Kvb wKQz wb‡Ri Aax‡b ivLv ev A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K †Kvb wKQz MÖnY Kiv‡K eySvq| AvB‡bi fvlvq ejv hvq, AwaKvi nj- GKwU ¯^v_©, hv msweavb ev mvaviY AvBb Øviv m„ó ev ejer‡hvM¨ nq|

GLv‡b ÁvZe¨ †h, AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ ÔKZ©e¨Õ K_vwU m¤c„³| Ab¨iv KZ©e¨ cvjb bv Ki‡j Avgvi c‡¶ AwaKvi †fvM Kiv m¤¢e bq| †hgb- Ab¨‡`i KZ©e¨ nj Avgv‡K c_ Pj‡Z †`qv| hw` Zviv G KZ©e¨ cvjb bv K‡i, Zvn‡j Avgvi c_ Pjvi AwaKv‡ii †Kvb Aw¯—Z¡ _v‡K bv| †Zgwb Avgvi KZ©e¨ nj, Ab¨‡`i c_ Pj‡Z †`qv| Avwg hLb Ab¨‡`i c_ Pj‡Z †`e, †Kej ZLbB Avgvi wb‡Ri c_ Pjvi AwaKvi Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K `vex Ki‡Z cvie| ZvB Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹ e‡jb, My rights are built always upon my function to the well being of society; and the claim I make must, clearly enough, be claims that are necessary to the proper performance of my function. My demands upon society are demands which ought to receive recognition because a recognizable public interest is involved in their recognition.

AvaywbK ivóª DrcwËi c~‡e© gvby‡li ÔawaKviÕ Gi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q, bv c‡i n‡q‡Q- G wb‡q cwÛZ gn‡ji g‡a¨ gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| †KD g‡b K‡ib, gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z Rb¥ MÖn‡Yi ci †_‡KB Zvi AwaKv‡ii welqwU P‡j G‡m‡Q| †hgb John locke-Gi g‡Z, gvbyl ¯^fveZtB wKQz AwaKvi wb‡q Rb¥ jvf K‡i, hv‡K cÖvK…wZK AwaKviI ejv nq Ges hv cÖvK ivóªxq hy‡MI eZ©gvb wQj|

c¶vš—‡i Gettel-Gi g‡Z, ivóª cÖwZôvi Av‡M gvby‡li AwaKvi †fvM Kiv m¤¢e bq| †Kbbv ivóª AwaKvi †fv‡Mi wbðqZv bv w`‡j †m AwaKvi A_©nxb| AZGe ivóª Z_v ivóªxq AvBbB AwaKvi m„wó K‡i Ges Zv †fvM Kivi wbðqZv †`q| A_©vr AwaKvi nj, †mB welqe¯‘ hv gvby‡li Rb¥ †_‡K ïi“ nq, hv‡K Avgiv cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi e‡j _vwK, hv AvaywbK ivóªxq e¨e¯’vi c~e© †_‡K wQj| AZtci †mB AwaKvi¸‡jv  gvbyl AvaywbK ivóªxq e¨e¯’vq G‡b AviI my›`i, mvejxj, MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i AvBbx KvVv‡gv‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ K‡i‡Q|

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q, gvby‡li AwaKvi wKQz Rb¥MZ n‡jI mewKQz ivóª Øviv m„ó I ivóª KZ©…K wbqwš¿Z| cÖPwjZ AvBb weÁvbx‡`i hyw³ nj ivóª hZ¶Y bv †Kvb AwaKvi m¤cwK©Z AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡e ZZ¶Y ch©š— †KD AvBbZ I e¨enviMZ †Kvb AwaKvi Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| ZvB GLv‡b ivóª gvby‡li AwaKvi Av`v‡q e¨_© n‡j me e¨_©| ev¯—‡e

MYZš¿Kvgx †`k¸‡jv‡Z G‡¶‡Î e¨_©Zvi wPÎB †`Lv hv‡”Q|

AvaywbK iv‡óª AvBb cÖ‡YZvMY RbM‡Yi Pvwn`vbyhvqx AvBb cÖYqb K‡i A_ev GKUv‡Z mgvavb bv n‡j `ª“Z wfbœ Avi GKUv AvBb iPbvi iv¯—v †ei Ki‡Z nq| evsjv‡`‡k RbM‡Yi Rb¨ GiKg AwaKvi cÖwZôv Z_v RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi (?) Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv‡Ëvi 40 eQ‡i Aš—Z 15 evi msweavb ms‡kvab K‡i‡Q| ZeyI G‡`‡ki gvby‡li AwaKvi Av`vq I ev¯—evqb Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| Av‡gwiKv, d«vÝ, fviZ mn me †`‡k AmsL¨evi msweavb ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zey Zviv Zv‡`i AwaKvi ev¯—evq‡bi †¶‡Î †hb nv‡j cvwb cv‡”Q bv| meUv‡Z †Mvj-cvK Lv‡”Q| welqwU AZxe KwVb| KviY, cÖK…Z A‡_© AvBb weÁvbxMY AwaKvi m¤c‡K© †h msÁv w`‡q‡Qb Zv A¯có Ges Ac~Y©v½| cÖPwjZ G msÁv I AvB‡bi †Kvb w¯’wZ †bB; †bB †Kvb KwgU‡g›U| d‡j Zvi Kvh©KvwiZvI †bB| ZvB gvbyl‡K Avm‡Z nq Bmjv‡gi mykxZj QvqvZ‡j|

Bmjvgx `„wó‡KvY †_‡K AwaKvi : Bmjv‡g i‡q‡Q gvby‡li AwaKvi m¤c‡K© we¯—vwiZ mymse× bxwZgvjv I e¨vL¨v| gvby‡li wbR¯^ hyw³-eyw× †mLv‡b APj| Bmjv‡gi †m e¨vL¨vi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q gvbeZvi i¶vKeP| ZvB‡Zv gnvb Avj­vn&cvK KziAvb gRx‡` my¯cófv‡e D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb, ÔAvj­vn& I Zvui ivm~j (mv.) †Kvb wel‡q dvqQvjv Ki‡j †Kvb gywgb cyi“l wKsev gywgb bvixi wb‡R‡`i †Kvb e¨vcv‡i Ab¨ †Kvb wm×v‡š—i GLwZqvi _vK‡e bv| †KD Avj­vn& I Zvui ivm~j‡K Agvb¨ Ki‡j †m †Zv ¯có c_åó n‡e|Õ (m~iv Avnhve : 36)|

D³ AvqvZ Øviv eySv hvq, gvby‡li Kj¨vYKg© Z_v AwaKv‡ii †¶‡Î KviI †Kvb Kg‡ekx Kivi my‡hvM †bB Ges †Kvbiƒc ms‡kvab KiviI my‡hvM †bB| Bmjv‡g AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ ci¯ci m¤cwK©Z| kvmK-kvwm‡Zi m¤cK© †Kgb n‡e Zv D‡j­L Av‡Q| GKBfv‡e wcZv-gvZvi Dci mš—v‡bi, mš—v‡bi Dci wcZv-gvZvi AwaKvi †Kgb n‡e Zvi †NvlYv i‡q‡Q| Abyiƒcfv‡e ¯¿xi Dci ¯^vgxi, ¯^vgxi Dci ¯¿xi, wbKUvZ¥xq, cÖwZ‡ekx, eÜy-evÜe, m½x-mv_x, Mixe-wgmKxb, wbt¯^, BqvZxg, gymvwdi, wn›`y, L„óvb, †ivMx, Amnvq e¨w³, kªwgK mn c„w_exi mKj †kªYxi gvby‡li g‡a¨ ci¯c‡ii Dci AwaKvi †Kgb n‡e Zv Bmjv‡g wba©vwiZ i‡q‡Q| GgbwK Rxe-Rš‘, cï-cvwLi mv‡_I †Kgb AvPvi-AvPiY Ki‡Z nq Zvi ¯có †NvlYv i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ A‡bK AvaywbK cwÛZ Zv Rv‡b bv| †hgb, ivm~jyj­vn (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvj­vn ZvÕAvjv cÖ‡Z¨K wel‡q †Zvgv‡`i Dci Bnmvb AZ¨vek¨K K‡i‡Qb| AZGe †Zvgiv hLb nZ¨v Ki‡e, `qv`ª©Zvi mv‡_ nZ¨v Ki‡e| Avi hLb h‡en Ki‡e, ZLb `qvi m‡½ h‡en Ki‡e| †Zvgv‡`i mevB †hb Qzwi aviv‡jv K‡i †bq Ges Zvi h‡enK…Z Rš‘‡K K‡ó bv †d‡j|Õ

wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb,Ô‡h e¨w³ GKwU Po–B cvwL h‡eni mgqI `qv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e, wKqvg‡Zi w`b Avj­vn Zvi cÖwZ `qv Ki‡eb|Õ

Ab¨ GK nvw`‡m G‡m‡Q, nhiZ Avãyj­vn Be‡b Aveevm (iv.) n‡Z ewY©Z, ivm~jyj­vn (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, Ô‡h wRwb‡mi g‡a¨ cÖvY Av‡Q, †Zvgiv Zv‡K j¶¨e¯‘ evwbI bv|Õ

G iKg eû `„óvš— †`qv hv‡e Bmjvg gvbyl I m„wóKz‡ji Rb¨ KZ D`viZv I gnvbyfeZv †`wL‡q‡Q| A_P eû eQi a‡i AmsL¨ Ávbx-¸Yx I AvBb cÖ‡YZvMY gvby‡li AwaKvi m¤c‡K© Av‡av Av‡av n‡jI wKQz hyw³-`jxj †ck K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ cï-cvwLi Dci wbôzi AvPiY Kiv hv‡e bv g‡g© †Kvb †`‡ki msweav‡b †Kvb AvBb wjwLZ Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nq bv| wKš‘ wPiš—b Awe¯§iYxq GK kvk¦Z weavb Bmjv‡g kZ kZ eQi c~‡e© Zv msiw¶Z i‡q‡Q Ges fwel¨‡ZI _vK‡e c„w_ex hZw`b wU‡K _vK‡e| myZivs G K_v Avgiv wØavnxbwP‡Ë †NvlYv Ki‡Z cvwi †h, AwaKvi wel‡q gvbyl cÖ`Ë msÁv I e¨vL¨v bq; KziAvb-mnxn mybœvn‡ZB Zvi PgrKvi mgvavb i‡q‡Q|

AvBbMZ AwaKvi (Legal Rights) : AvBbMZ AwaKvi nj †m AwaKvi hv †Kvb AvBb Øviv ¯^xK…Z I msiw¶Z _v‡K| GUv ivóª ev cÖwZôvb ev Avš—R©vwZK KZ©…c¶ KZ©…K cÖYxZ I ev¯—evwqZ nq| GUv †KD jsNb ev Agvb¨ Ki‡j Zv `Ûbxq Aciva e‡j MY¨ n‡e| †hgb- Avgvi c_ Pjvi AwaKvi, ag©xq KvR m¤cbœ Kivi AwaKvi| G Kv‡R †KD evav w`‡j Zvi cÖwZKvi cvIqv hv‡e| wKš‘ †Kvb weov‡ji mv‡_ wbôzi AvPviY Kiv n‡j ev wf¶z‡Ki mv‡_ hw` Lvivc AvPiY Kiv nq, Z‡e Zvi †Kvb AvBbMZ cÖwZKvi cvIqvi †Kvb eva¨evaKZv †bB| Kv‡RB e„nËi A‡_© AvBbMZ AwaKvi ej‡Z Avgiv †mB AwaKvi¸‡jvi K_v ej‡Z cvwi hv †Kej ivóªxq KZ©…c¶ KZ©…K AvB‡bi AvIZvq iwPZ|

Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z AvBbMZ AwaKvi : Bmjvgx `„wó‡KvY †_‡K gvby‡li Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv AwaKvi i‡q‡Q hv Bmjvgx ivóª ev iv‡óªi c‡¶ †Kvb ms¯’v KZ©…K cÖYqb I ejer n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e GUv KziAvb I mnxn mybœvni evB‡i bq| GB AvBb †KD jsNb Ki‡j Zv‡K kvw¯— †c‡Z nq| †hgb- gvwjKvbvi AwaKvi, gRyix cÖvwßi AwaKvi, †gvnivbv cÖvwßi AwaKvi, cÖwZ‡kva I cÖwZ`v‡bi AwaKvi BZ¨vw`| Z`ªƒc †KD KvD‡K Ab¨vqfv‡e nZ¨v Ki‡j cvëv Bmjvgx Av`vjZ Øviv wKQvQ ev g„Zy¨`Û †c‡Z n‡e| Abyiƒc ¯¿xi †gvnivbv cwi‡kva Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK, †KD Pzwi Ki‡j Zv‡K kvw¯— †c‡Z nq| †hgb Avj­vn& e‡jb, Ôcyi“l wKsev bvix Pzwi Ki‡j Zv‡`i n¯— KZ©b Ki, Zv Zv‡`i K…ZK‡g©i dj Ges Avj­vn&i wba©vwiZ Av`k© `Û, Avj­vn& civµgkvjx cÖÁvgq|Õ (m~iv gv‡q`vn :38)

Abyiƒcfv‡e Avgvb‡Zi gvj AvgvbZ MÖnYKvixi †Kvb cÖKvi Kv‡Ri d‡j webó bv n‡q Avcbv n‡Z webó n‡q †M‡j AvgvbZ MÖnYKvix‡K †Kvbiƒc ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z n‡e bv|Õ

nhiZ Be‡b Igi (iv.) m~‡Î ivm~j (mv.) n‡Z ewY©Z, wZwb e‡jb, ÔGK gwnjv GKwU weov‡ji Kvi‡Y Rvnvbœv‡g wM‡qwQj| †m Zv‡K †eu‡a †i‡LwQj| †m Zv‡K LveviI †`qwb, †Q‡oI †`qwb, hv‡Z †m hgx‡bi †cvKv-gvKo †L‡Z cviZ|Õ c‡i weovjwU gviv †Mj| GLv‡b †Kej Bmjvgx AvBbMZ AwaKvi cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î RbM‡Yi cvi¯cwiK ¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi h_vh_ e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q ZvB bq, eis Zv cï-cvwLmn mKj †¶‡Î AZ¨š— `~i`wk©Zvi mv‡_ iwPZ n‡q‡Q|

gvbevwaKvi (Human Rights) : mgKvjxb †cÖ¶vc‡U gvbevwaKvi †h A_© enb K‡i, K‡qK `kK Av‡MI Gi A_© Giƒc wQj bv| ZvB msÁv wnmv‡e ÔgvbevwaKviÕ kãwU Kjv weÁvb I AvBb weÁv‡b Lye mv¤cÖwZK ms‡hvRb|

ÔgvbevwaKviÕ k‡ãi Av¶wiK A_© nj gvb‡ei AwaKvi| A_©vr gvbyl wnmv‡e cÖwZwU gvbe mš—v‡bi mv‡_ A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ AwaKvi mg~n n‡”Q gvbevwaKvi| cÖwZwU gvby‡li kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi mg~n Gi Aš—f©z³| Av‡iv we¯—…Z †c¶vc‡U gvbevwaKvi c„w_exi mg¯— ag©, eY©, RvZxqZv, †Mvôx, wj½, wbwe©‡k‡l gvby‡li Awe‡”Q`¨ AwaKvi¸‡jv Zvi mË¡vi mv‡_ GKxf‚Z n‡q c‡o| cÖwZwU gvbe mš—vb gv‡qi Mf© †_‡K f‚wgô n‡qB nvZ cv Qzu‡o wPrKvi K‡i µ›`b aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zvi AwaKvi¸‡jv e¨³ K‡i mviv we‡k¦i Kv‡Q Zvi AwaKv‡ii K_v Rvwb‡q †`q|

GLv‡b †Kej gvby‡li AwaKv‡ii welqwU G‡m‡Q| Avm‡j gvby‡li mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z me ai‡bi AvPvi-e¨envi, bxwZ, AvPiY, e¨e¯’v ixwZ, AvBb wewa, Kvh©µg I Kvh©e¨e¯’v, e¨emv-evwYR¨, cÖ‡qvRb I Pvwn`v, cÖ‡qvM I cÖhyw³, Ávb I weÁvb, Kvh©, wPš—v Rxeb, RoRMr, wPš—vRMr, cÖvYx RMr Z_v wek¦ cÖK…wZi mewKQz gvbevwaKv‡ii mv‡_ m¤c„³| †hgb- Avgvi M„‡n wbic`ªc Rxeb-hvcb †hgb Avgvi AwaKvi, cÖvß eq¯‹ `yÕRb AweevwnZ hyeK-hyeZxi ˆeevwnK m¤cK© ¯’vcb I mš—vb Drcv`bI Zv‡`i †Zgb AwaKvi| †mÝikxc Av‡ivc K‡i gZ cÖKvk, cÖPvi I Kv‡R weNœ m„wó †hgb gvbevwaKvi j•Nb, wVK †Zgwb AvBb m¤§Z KviY I c‡ivqvbv e¨wZ‡i‡K †MÖdZvi, AvUK, wbh©vZb, nqivwb meB gvbevwaKvi j•Nb|

GLbI evsjv‡`k mn we‡k¦ j¶-‡KvwU wbiciva eby Av`g webv wePv‡i hyM hyM a‡i KvivMv‡i wbw¶ß i‡q‡Q| GUv wK gvbevwaKv‡ii jsNb bq?

GK mgq †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb, gvby‡li AwaKvi I gvbevwaKvi GK wRwbm bq| KviY gvbevwaKvi hv‡K GK mgq ejv nZ cyi“‡li AwaKvi (Rights of man)| †hLv‡b AwaKvi ej‡Z cyi“‡liB wQj, bvixi †Kvb AwaKvi wQj bv| GLv‡b ZvB ¯cóZ bvix-cyi“‡li ˆel‡g¨i Avfvm cvIqv hvq| Thomas Paine me©cÖ_g d«v‡Ý RvZxq cwil` KZ©…K 1789 mv‡j M„nxZ Ôcyi“‡li AwaKviÕ divmx †NvlYvi Bs‡iRx (French Declaration of Rights of man and of the citizen) Abyev` gvbevwaKvi c×wZwU e¨envi K‡ib| cyi“‡li AwaKvi ej‡j Zv‡Z bvixi AwaKvi Aš—f©z³ nq bv e‡jB cieZ©xKv‡j wg‡mm Gwjqb i“R‡f‡ëi cÖ¯—vevbyhvqx RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil` KZ©…K 1948 mv‡ji 10B wW‡m¤^i M„nxZ me©Rbxb †NvlYvq ÔgvbevwaKviÕ kãwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB gvbevwaKvi GLb RvwZ-ag©-eY©, fvlv, bvix-cyi“l wbwe©‡k‡l c„w_exi mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| gvbevwaKv‡ii me‡P‡q eo `y‡Uv ˆewkó¨ nj GKwU mnRvZ AciwU n¯—vš—i A‡hvM¨| Paul Sheiegart g‡b K‡ib GB ˆewkó¨ `ywUi Kvi‡YB gvbevwaKvi Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvi †_‡K Avjv`v Ges AwaK gh©v`vm¤cbœ|

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